Relative Measurement: Relative Measurements define the relationship between character spacing and type size. The relationship is relative, meaning the size is relative to the type size. Em and en are examples of relative measurements.
Point: The point is a unit of measurement used to measure size of a type font. The point is the measure of the height of the text. A point is an absolute measurement in typography.
Pica: A pica is a unit of measurement for measuring lines of type. One pica is equal to twelve points. A pica is also an absolute measurement in typography.
Em/ em dash: The em is a relative form of measurement and is linked to the size of the type and is used to define basic spacing of font. The em equals the size of a type. It is used for defining things such as spacings and paragraph indents.
En/ en dash: The en is a relative form of measurement and is equal to half of one em. It is used to denote nested clauses and can be used as the word 'to' when listing numbers or dates.
Legibility: Legibility can be described as a body of research, knowledge, and opinions of the appearance of text. Legibility depends on the ease with which the eye can identify letters and words.
Type Alignments: list advantages and/or disadvantages: Type Alignment refers to positioning and arrangement of continuous text. The four kinds listed below are equally as useful, and are just better used in certain situations. One is not better than the other.
- Flush left: In a flush left alignment, the type is set to an even left margin, leaving the right margin uneven. This creates asymmetry. This is advantageous because spacing between words remains constant. It can be disadvantageous because of the asymmetry.
- Flush right: Flush right alignment sets the type to an even right margin, leaving an uneven left margin. This is useful when using a short amount of text, but is not very useful with long amounts of text. It also creates asymmetry.
- centered: Centered type is type set on a central axis with even word spacing and uneven left and right margins. This is very useful with small amounts of text and used well on formal documents such as a title page. Centered text, however, reduces readability because of the absence of an even left margin.
- justified: Justified text creates balanced formal columns of text. This produces visual symmetry and clean margins.
Word Spacing: what is the ideal: Word spacing concerns the space between each word rather than the individual characters. Hyphenation and justification are forms of word spacing and allow for greater control in a text block.
Rivers: Rivers happen in justified text blocks when the separation of words leaves gaps of space in several lines.
Indent: There different kinds of indents, and all of them provide the reader with an easily accessible entry point to a paragraph. Length of indents vary, and are determined by the grid.
Leading: Leading is the space between lines of text in a text block. Leading makes words more legible because it spaces letters and text apart to make it easier to read. Leading is measured in point size and usually has a larger point size than the text.
Kerning: Kerning is the adjustment of spaces between certain characters to achieve a more consistent read and a more balanced spacing. VA and Ta are kerning pairs, because their spacing is adjusted in order for the text to look more attractive.
Tracking: Tracking can be used instead of kerning to adjust the overall space between letters rather than just the space between two characters.
Weight: A typeface's weight describes the thickness of the letter. Bold is common a weight of a font. The first letter in a line of text describes the line weight.
Scale: Scale refers to varying size of type and the relationship between the size.
Typographic Variation: Typographic Variation refers to the varying type families, wieght, and style of type.
Orphan: An orphan is the final one or two lines of a paragraph separated from the main paragraph to form a new column. This should be avoided.
Widow: A widow is the lone word at the end of a paragraph.
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